Response of Old Skeletal Muscle to 8 Weeks of Electrical Stimulation (Should We Change the Conventional Electrical Stimulation Protocol for Cardiomyoplasty?)

We hypothesized that the conditioned muscles of elderly organisms have different responses to electrical stimulation than that of young adult organisms. One-year-old sheep and eight-year-old elderly sheep were used for this investigation. Results. The latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) of old sheep has less fatigue resistance than LDM of younger animals. In all animals, LDH-5 fractions decreased after eight weeks ES; LDH-1+2 fractions increased. After a two week delay, the data completely returned to baseline values in old adult animals. The percent area occupied by mitochondria in old sheep was less after ES than in younger animals. In all animals, the mitochondrial area increased after ES and reverted to baseline values after the delay. The number of nuclei and fibers considerably increased after ES. Conclusions. Young skeletal muscle obtains more plasticity than adult muscle during ES. Elderly skeletal muscle does not convert to a fatigue resistant state as completely as adult skeletal muscle during a conventional eight week ES protocol. It is necessary to change and prolong the ES protocol for elderly patients

Functional and Parametrical Control of Temperature Sensors with the NI MyRIO Module

Developed automated setup for functional and parametrical control of temperature sensors is presented. The hardware setup is based on the NI myRIO operated under LabVIEW software. Two ways of communication with the temperature sensor, advantages and disadvantages are described. The experimental results functional and parametrical control for three temperature sensors are presented

Functional and Parametrical Control of Temperature Sensors with the NI MyRIO Module

Developed automated setup for functional and parametrical control of temperature sensors is presented. The hardware setup is based on the NI myRIO operated under LabVIEW software. Two ways of communication with the temperature sensor, advantages and disadvantages are described. The experimental results functional and parametrical control for three temperature sensors are presented

Effect of electrical stimulation on arteriogenesis and angiogenesis after bilateral femoral artery excision in the rabbit hind-limb ischemia model

The effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on arteriogenesis (the opening of preexisting collaterals) and angiogenesis (formation of new capillaries) were studied after acute bilateral hind limb ischemia was induced via bilateral femoral artery excision in a rabbit model. The study evaluated the rabbit hind limbs\u27 normal response to acute ischemia and to application of ES by calculating changes in arterial and capillary densities. Comparisons were made with our prior study, in which the femoral artery was unilaterally excised, as we attempted to expand on the topics of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. Twelve adult New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 series. In Series 1, the control group, both femoral arteries were excised and no ES was applied. In Series 2, both femoral arteries were excised and ES was applied to the left limb. One lead was implanted into the left adductor muscle near the site of the excised left femoral artery (Series 2), and a stimulator (Thera, Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN) was implanted in a separate pocket. ES was applied at a rate of 3 V, 30 contractions per minute, beginning immediately after surgery and continuously for 1 month. Angiography was performed in all 12 rabbits 1 month after surgery to establish the anatomy of the collateral vessels and to demonstrate that the femoral artery stump continued to be an end artery. Contrast-opacified arteries (COAs) that crossed the grid\u27s midline, and the total number of grid lines intersected by COAs, were tallied according to an established method. Capillary density was calculated as the number of capillaries per square millimeter of muscle. In Series 1, after 1 month, the number of COAs crossing the grid\u27s midline was 4.5 +/-1.5 on the left and 4.8 +/-1.2 on the right side. In Series 2, the number of COAs crossing the grid\u27s midline was 7.9 +/-1.8 on the left side (